PERSON THAT SERVED. IT WASN’T BE THE PEOPLE WHO ATE IT. YEAH. FIVE ON YOUR HEALTH TONIGHT. FRUIT FLAVORED VAPES ARE NOW ON THE MARKET. NOW, THE FDA SAYS THEY’RE ONLY APPROVED FOR SALE TO ADULTS. SO WHY IS THE NATION’S TOP GROUP OF PEDIATRICIANS GETTING INVOLVED? JOINING US NOW, DOCTOR SCOTT HADLAND, CHIEF OF ADOLESCENT MEDICINE AT MASS GENERAL BRIGHAM FOR CHILDREN. DOCTOR HADLAND, GOOD TO SEE YOU AS ALWAYS. THANKS FOR JOINING US. GOOD TO SEE YOU TOO. ALL RIGHT. HAPPY FRIDAY. AS YOU KNOW, THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS WANTS THE FDA TO RECONSIDER ITS DECISION TO APPROVE THESE PRODUCTS. SO WHAT IS THEIR CONCERN? YEAH. THE ISSUE HERE IS THAT THEY ARE FLAVORED. OKAY. SO THIS MANUFACTURER, IT’S A MANUFACTURER KNOWN AS GLASS INC BASED OUT OF LOS ANGELES, HAS TWO NEW E-CIGARETTE PRODUCTS THAT HAVE BEEN APPROVED BY THE FDA FOR SMOKING CESSATION. THEY HAVE TWO PRODUCTS, ONE CALLED GOLD, THE OTHER, CALLED SAPPHIRE GOLD, STANDS FOR THEIR MANGO FLAVORED E-CIGARETTE. SAPPHIRE STANDS FOR THEIR BLUEBERRY FLAVORED E-CIGARETTE. AND WE KNOW THAT WHEN IT COMES TO TEENAGERS, THAT THEY ARE OFTEN ENTICED BY THESE FLAVORS, THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF TEENS WHO REPORT USING E-CIGARETTES REPORT THAT THEY LIKE THE FLAVORING. NOW, TO BE FAIR, WE KNOW THAT THESE PRODUCTS, THE E-CIGARETTES ARE OFTEN VERY HELPFUL WAYS FOR ADULTS WHO SMOKE CIGARETTES TO CUT BACK ON THEIR CIGARETTE USE. AND THE FDA HAS SAID THAT THEY BELIEVE THAT THEY HAVE NEW RESTRICTIONS IN PLACE THAT CAN KEEP YOUNG PEOPLE FROM GETTING THEIR HANDS ON THESE E-CIGARETTES. I THINK WHAT’S REALLY TRICKY HERE IS WE JUST DON’T KNOW WHAT ON BALANCE IS GOING TO HAPPEN HERE. AND THIS IS THE WORRY OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS AND PEDIATRICIANS, IS THAT THE BENEFITS HERE TO ADULTS WHO SMOKE CIGARETTES ARE ACTUALLY GOING TO BE OUTWEIGHED BY THE NUMBER OF TEENS WHO START SMOKING OR START USING E-CIGARETTES. WE KNOW THAT KIDS LIKE, FIND THEIR WAY TO GET THEIR HANDS ON THINGS, EVEN IF THEY’RE NOT SUPPOSED TO HAVE THEM IN GENERAL. WHAT IS THE STATUS OF OF VAPING NOW IN OUR AREA, YOU KNOW, IS THERE IS THE COOLNESS FACTOR GONE? WELL, VERY FORTUNATELY, VAPING IS ON THE DECLINE IN YOUNG PEOPLE. AND SO THE MOST RECENT YEAR FOR WHICH WE HAVE DATA AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IS 2024. AND THAT YEAR AMONG HIGH SCHOOL AND MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS, THERE WERE 2.1 MILLION, I’M SORRY, 1.6 MILLION YOUNG PEOPLE WHO VAPED AT THAT TIME. THAT ACTUALLY WAS A DECLINE FROM 2.1 MILLION OR, YOU KNOW, WENT DOWN BY ABOUT HALF A MILLION FROM THE YEAR BEFORE. AND SO VAPING IS ACTUALLY REACHING AN ALL TIME LOW. BUT I HAVE TO APPROACH THIS WITH A LOT OF HUMILITY. THERE’S A LOT OF NUANCE HERE. THESE POLICIES ARE REALLY COMPLEX. THEIR EFFECTS ARE DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND. AND I DON’T KNOW WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN WITH THIS PARTICULAR POLICY CHANGE. YOU KNOW, HAVING AN E-CIGARETTE PRODUCT ENDORSED BY THE FDA COULD CAUSE MORE YOUNG PEOPLE TO GET BACK INTO VAPING, THINKING IT’S SAFE. RIGHT? WHEN WE, YOU KNOW, HAVE BEEN ON THE DECLINE AND HAD AN ENORMOUS PUBLIC HEALTH SUCCESS, AND WE KNOW HOW ADDICTIVE THEY CAN BE, WE KNOW THAT SOME PRODUCTS CAN BE VERY LOADED WITH NICOTINE AND NICOTINE, I WOULD IMAGINE, IMPACTS KIDS DIFFERENTLY THAN ADULTS. ABSOLUTELY. IT DOES. AND I SEE THIS ALL THE TIME. I SEE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO VAPE IN MY CLINICAL PRACTICE EVERY DAY WHEN I’M IN CLINIC. AND THE TRUTH IS THAT MANY YOUNG PEOPLE DO HAVE A PROBLEM WITH NICOTINE. THEY CAN’T STOP USING IT. WHEN THEY DO TRY TO STOP USING IT, THEY EXPERIENCE SEVERE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS. THEY EXPERIENCE STRONG CRAVINGS TO USE. AND SO IT’S REALLY PROBLEMATIC. AND WE KNOW THAT THEIR BRAINS ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO ADDICTION AT A YOUNG AGE. IN FACT, THE YOUNGER A PERSON IS WHEN THEY FIRST START USING NICOTINE, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO GO ON TO USE NICOTINE FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIFE. AND SO THE STAKES ARE REALLY HIGH. FORGET THE BLUEBERRY VAPES. YEAH, JUST STICK WITH THE DIRT. STICK WITH THE DIRT. CERTAI
When someone’s vaping nearby, what are you breathing in? The risks of vape pens’ secondhand aerosols
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Updated: 4:56 PM EDT May 20, 2026
Editorial Standards ⓘ
Sometimes, you’re on the train or enjoying a bite to eat on a restaurant’s patio and you catch a whiff of an oddly sweet scent. A moment later, you see a puff dissipate around a nearby stranger and realize: You’re smelling a vape pen or an e-cigarette. This story was originally published on PolitiFact.So what exactly are you inhaling? A lengthy list of chemicals, it turns out. And recent Food and Drug Administration decisions have the potential to increase how often you’re exposed to these substances.On May 5, under presidential pressure, the FDA for the first time authorized fruit-flavored e-cigarettes for people ages 21 and older. On May 8, the FDA said it would not prioritize cracking down on illegal e-cigarette sales if the companies behind the products were already pursuing agency approval. The decisions followed years of successful vaping industry lobbying that prompted President Donald Trump to change his policy approach to products he’d previously sought to restrict. During his first presidency, Trump in 2019 tried to force companies to stop selling non-tobacco flavored e-cigarettes, popular among young people. Despite the regulation effort, underage use of unauthorized fruit or candy flavored vape products continued. Data shows secondhand exposure is rising. In 2018, about 33% of U.S. middle and high school students reported secondhand exposure to aerosol from e-cigarettes. Despite decreases in youth e-cigarette use since then, a 2023 survey found that about 45.2% of students in grades 6 through 12 still reported second hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes first appeared in the U.S. in 2006. They were small, looked like traditional cigarettes and were primarily used by people who wanted to quit smoking, but over time developers modified the liquids to add flavors and the devices to alter the aerosol amounts. The terms e-cigarettes and vapes are generally used interchangeably. The health risks of secondhand aerosols from vaping are less documented than those from secondhand smoke. But we know there are some. Here’s what research shows.What’s in vape "smoke"?When a person inhales from a vape pen, its heating component warms a liquid solution until it becomes aerosolized. These small particles suspended in the air contain many chemicals.Vaping companies disclose some of the chemicals in liquids or vape pods, but not all.A 2021 analysis of popular brands of vaping liquids found over 1,000 unknown chemicals in the liquids and subsequent aerosols — along with caffeine and potentially harmful chemicals such as a pesticide and flavorings linked to toxic effects. Do you have questions about vaping? Send them to me at mczopek@poynter.org. When selling in the U.S., companies are required to label their products as containing nicotine, the highly addictive chemical stimulant in tobacco plants. States regulate marijuana products, and most states require manufacturers to label when a product contains the cannabis plants’ psychoactive ingredient THC. Most standard e-cigarette liquids also contain propylene glycol, a liquid additive that helps preserve moisture and flavor, and vegetable glycerine, a thickener that creates heavier aerosol clouds. Flavorings add more chemicals. Because vaping aerosols are created with heat, "Unwanted chemical reactions can produce more chemical substances, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and metals, some of which are harmful to our body," said Yang Wang, a University of Miami environmental engineering professor. As for flavored vaping liquids, "Flavoring chemicals safe for ingestion are not necessarily safe for inhalation," Wang said. One 2016 study found that vaping using liquids with higher concentrations of flavoring compounds can form more toxic organic compounds called aldehydes, sometimes at levels that exceed federal standards for workplace safety. What are the risks of secondhand aerosol exposures? Studies have linked secondhand exposure to vaping aerosols to health issues, but the exact risks remain unknown, researchers told PolitiFact. That’s partly because the wide variation in vaping products makes it hard to study them and draw widely applicable conclusions, said Terry Gordon, an environmental medicine professor at NYU School of Medicine.Vaping is still relatively new, and it takes time to conduct rigorous studies on many participants, said Jeannie Rodriguez, a professor at Emory University’s nursing school who studies secondhand e-cigarette aerosol exposure in children. Different vape pens and e-cigarettes also produce differing aerosol amounts, which means exposure varies. In 2025, a group of researchers including Rodriguzez conducted a review of studies on secondhand e-cigarette aerosol exposure in children. It found these aerosols contain metals and chemicals such as formaldehyde, Rodriguez said. Rodriguez cautioned that many of the studies researchers reviewed had small sample sizes. Animal studies have also linked secondhand aerosol exposure to respiratory problems, weakened immune systems, stunted growth and poor neurological outcomes, she said. "This research is still in its infancy," Rodriguez said. Some studies have shown negative health effects, though. A 2022 study found in young adults, secondhand nicotine aerosol exposure was associated with increased risk of bronchitic symptoms and shortness of breath. Another showed secondhand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was associated with mental health problems — similar to secondhand smoke exposure. E-cigarette use also increases air pollution in homes, one 2022 study showed. Air pollution — particularly fine particles or PM2.5 — is known to have health risks. More than one study has found that children exposed to nicotine e-cigarette aerosols secondhand absorb small amounts of nicotine — albeit much less than children exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke, according to a 2024 study’s findings.What level of exposure is dangerous? There’s currently no amount of e-cigarette aerosol exposure that researchers consider to be "safe," but researchers said occasional brief encounters with aerosol likely have fewer negative health outcomes than firsthand use or repeated ingestion of secondhand aerosols at home or work."For occasional short-time secondhand exposure, such as at a party or in public transportation, I would not expect clear long-term harm for most healthy adults," Wang said. "But some people may experience acute irritation, coughing or asthma symptoms." The bigger concern, he said, is repeated exposure, especially in places with poor ventilation. Based on what scientists know now, Rodriguez advised people to minimize vaping aerosol exposure whenever possible.PolitiFact Researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.SourcesEmail interview with Yang Wang, a chemical, environmental and materials engineering professor at the University of Miami, May 15, 2026Email interview with Jeannie Rodriguez, PhD, registered nurse, CPNP-PC, CHSE, is an associate professor and assistant dean at Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, May 18, 2026Interview with Terry Gordon, environmental medicine professor at NYU School of Medicine, May 18, 2026Email exchange with Stephen Freeman, May 16, 2026NBC News, Fight over fruit-flavored vapes pushed FDA chief to resign, May 14, 2026NBC News, FDA announces its first OK of fruit-flavored e-cigarettes for adults in major shift under Trump, May 5, 2026NPR, FDA To Banish Flavored E-Cigarettes To Combat Youth Vaping, Sept. 11, 2019Cleveland Clinic, Vaping (E-Cigarettes): What It Is, Side Effects & Dangers, accessed May 18, 2026Association of Health Care Journalists, CDC finds 'chemical of concern' in vaping-relating illness investigation, May 15, 2026The Washington Post, Trump vows to ‘save’ vaping after private meeting with vaping lobbyist, Sept. 21, 2024Donald Trump’s Truth Social post, Sept. 20, 2024JAMA Network Open, Trends in the Prevalence of Exposure to e-Cigarette Aerosol in Public Places Among US Middle and High School Students, 2015 to 2018 | Public Health, Aug. 28, 2019Oxford Academic Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Secondhand E-Cigarette and Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Stages of E-Cigarette Use in US 6th–12th Graders, April 2026Chemical Research in Toxicology, Characterizing the Chemical Landscape in Commercial E-Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Oct. 5, 2021Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins researchers find thousands of unknown chemicals in electronic cigarettes, Oct. 7, 2021The Real Cost, Vapes: product page, accessed May 18, 2026University of Rochester Medicine, Vaping and E-Cigarettes, accessed May 18, 2026NASA Earth Sciences, Aerosols and Their Importance, accessed May 18, 2026Healthline, JUUL Pod Ingredients: What's in E-Cigarettes?, May 27, 2020Innokin, What Are the Ingredients in Vape Juice?, Aug. 30, 2024Edge Vaping, What's In Your Vape Juice? E-Liquid Ingredients Explained, accessed May 18, 2026Department of Justice and Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana/Cannabis, May 18, 2026Chemical Research in Toxicology, Chemical Composition of Aerosols from the E-Cigarette Vaping of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids, Nov. 13, 2024American Lung Association, What's in an E-Cigarette?, accessed May 18, 2026Biological Research for Nursing, Passive Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposure in Children: A Systematic Review, July 9, 2025BMJ, Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality, Dec. 14, 2022McGill University Newsroom, Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5, March 11, 2021Environmental Science & Technology, Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E-Cigarette Vaping, Nov. 8, 2016JAMA Network Open Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children, July 11, 2024PLOS One, Electronic cigarette power affects count concentration and particle size distribution of vaping aerosol, Dec. 31, 2018BMC Public Health, Passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions is associated with worsened mental health, June 7, 2022University College London News, Second-hand vaping exposure very low compared to second-hand smoking, July 10, 2024RGA, Nicotine and the Cotinine Test: The cost of consumption, May 18, 2026PLOS One, Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes, March 8, 2017National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Toxicology of E-Cigarette Constituents, accessed May 19, 2026U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, E-Cigarette Use Among Youth | Smoking and Tobacco Use, accessed May 19, 2026The Associated Press, Thousands of unauthorized vapes are pouring into the US despite the FDA crackdown on fruity flavors, June 26, 2023Cureus, A Single 10-Minute E-cigarette Vapor Exposure Reduces Tidal Volume and Minute Ventilation in Normoxia and Normobaric Hypoxia in Adult Rats Oct. 9, 2023Health Policy via ScienceDirect, Is secondhand smoke associated with mental health issues? A narrative review of the evidence and policy implication, October 2023Drug Metabolism Review, Full article: Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis, Nov. 28, 2018STAT News, No FDA permission, no problem: New flavored vape policy worries experts, May 11, 2026The New York Times, No FDA permission, no problem: New flavored vape policy worries experts, May 8, 2026The Brink, E-Cigarette Brands Are Skirting the Rules About Health Warning Labels on Instagram, Study Finds Sept. 13, 2024National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Smoking and Vaping | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, accessed May 19, 2026U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About E-Cigarettes (Vapes) | Smoking and Tobacco Use accessed May 19, 2026Oxford Academic Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Unclear Labeling of Nicotine Products Poses Risks to Consumers, May 19, 2026MarijuanaPackaging.com, Compliance Checklist for Vape Packaging Across U.S. States, Jan. 21, 2025Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research, Requirements for Cannabis Product Labeling by U.S. State, April 19, 2022NPR, Flavored vapes are supposed to be illegal, but they're still widely available, July 12, 2023
Sometimes, you’re on the train or enjoying a bite to eat on a restaurant’s patio and you catch a whiff of an oddly sweet scent. A moment later, you see a puff dissipate around a nearby stranger and realize: You’re smelling a vape pen or an e-cigarette.
This story was originally published on PolitiFact.
So what exactly are you inhaling? A lengthy list of chemicals, it turns out.
And recent Food and Drug Administration decisions have the potential to increase how often you’re exposed to these substances.
On May 5, under presidential pressure, the FDA for the first time authorized fruit-flavored e-cigarettes for people ages 21 and older. On May 8, the FDA said it would not prioritize cracking down on illegal e-cigarette sales if the companies behind the products were already pursuing agency approval. The decisions followed years of successful vaping industry lobbying that prompted President Donald Trump to change his policy approach to products he’d previously sought to restrict.
During his first presidency, Trump in 2019 tried to force companies to stop selling non-tobacco flavored e-cigarettes, popular among young people. Despite the regulation effort, underage use of unauthorized fruit or candy flavored vape products continued.
Data shows secondhand exposure is rising. In 2018, about 33% of U.S. middle and high school students reported secondhand exposure to aerosol from e-cigarettes. Despite decreases in youth e-cigarette use since then, a 2023 survey found that about 45.2% of students in grades 6 through 12 still reported second hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes.
E-cigarettes first appeared in the U.S. in 2006. They were small, looked like traditional cigarettes and were primarily used by people who wanted to quit smoking, but over time developers modified the liquids to add flavors and the devices to alter the aerosol amounts. The terms e-cigarettes and vapes are generally used interchangeably.
The health risks of secondhand aerosols from vaping are less documented than those from secondhand smoke. But we know there are some. Here’s what research shows.
What’s in vape "smoke"?
When a person inhales from a vape pen, its heating component warms a liquid solution until it becomes aerosolized. These small particles suspended in the air contain many chemicals.
Vaping companies disclose some of the chemicals in liquids or vape pods, but not all.
A 2021 analysis of popular brands of vaping liquids found over 1,000 unknown chemicals in the liquids and subsequent aerosols — along with caffeine and potentially harmful chemicals such as a pesticide and flavorings linked to toxic effects.
Do you have questions about vaping? Send them to me at mczopek@poynter.org.
When selling in the U.S., companies are required to label their products as containing nicotine, the highly addictive chemical stimulant in tobacco plants. States regulate marijuana products, and most states require manufacturers to label when a product contains the cannabis plants’ psychoactive ingredient THC. Most standard e-cigarette liquids also contain propylene glycol, a liquid additive that helps preserve moisture and flavor, and vegetable glycerine, a thickener that creates heavier aerosol clouds. Flavorings add more chemicals.
Because vaping aerosols are created with heat, "Unwanted chemical reactions can produce more chemical substances, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and metals, some of which are harmful to our body," said Yang Wang, a University of Miami environmental engineering professor.
As for flavored vaping liquids, "Flavoring chemicals safe for ingestion are not necessarily safe for inhalation," Wang said.
One 2016 study found that vaping using liquids with higher concentrations of flavoring compounds can form more toxic organic compounds called aldehydes, sometimes at levels that exceed federal standards for workplace safety.
What are the risks of secondhand aerosol exposures?
Studies have linked secondhand exposure to vaping aerosols to health issues, but the exact risks remain unknown, researchers told PolitiFact.
That’s partly because the wide variation in vaping products makes it hard to study them and draw widely applicable conclusions, said Terry Gordon, an environmental medicine professor at NYU School of Medicine.
Vaping is still relatively new, and it takes time to conduct rigorous studies on many participants, said Jeannie Rodriguez, a professor at Emory University’s nursing school who studies secondhand e-cigarette aerosol exposure in children.
Different vape pens and e-cigarettes also produce differing aerosol amounts, which means exposure varies. In 2025, a group of researchers including Rodriguzez conducted a review of studies on secondhand e-cigarette aerosol exposure in children. It found these aerosols contain metals and chemicals such as formaldehyde, Rodriguez said.
Rodriguez cautioned that many of the studies researchers reviewed had small sample sizes. Animal studies have also linked secondhand aerosol exposure to respiratory problems, weakened immune systems, stunted growth and poor neurological outcomes, she said.
"This research is still in its infancy," Rodriguez said.
Some studies have shown negative health effects, though.
A 2022 study found in young adults, secondhand nicotine aerosol exposure was associated with increased risk of bronchitic symptoms and shortness of breath. Another showed secondhand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was associated with mental health problems — similar to secondhand smoke exposure.
E-cigarette use also increases air pollution in homes, one 2022 study showed. Air pollution — particularly fine particles or PM2.5 — is known to have health risks.
More than one study has found that children exposed to nicotine e-cigarette aerosols secondhand absorb small amounts of nicotine — albeit much less than children exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke, according to a 2024 study’s findings.
What level of exposure is dangerous?
There’s currently no amount of e-cigarette aerosol exposure that researchers consider to be "safe," but researchers said occasional brief encounters with aerosol likely have fewer negative health outcomes than firsthand use or repeated ingestion of secondhand aerosols at home or work.
"For occasional short-time secondhand exposure, such as at a party or in public transportation, I would not expect clear long-term harm for most healthy adults," Wang said. "But some people may experience acute irritation, coughing or asthma symptoms."
The bigger concern, he said, is repeated exposure, especially in places with poor ventilation.
Based on what scientists know now, Rodriguez advised people to minimize vaping aerosol exposure whenever possible.
PolitiFact Researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.
Sources
- Email interview with Yang Wang, a chemical, environmental and materials engineering professor at the University of Miami, May 15, 2026
- Email interview with Jeannie Rodriguez, PhD, registered nurse, CPNP-PC, CHSE, is an associate professor and assistant dean at Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, May 18, 2026
- Interview with Terry Gordon, environmental medicine professor at NYU School of Medicine, May 18, 2026
- Email exchange with Stephen Freeman, May 16, 2026
- NBC News, Fight over fruit-flavored vapes pushed FDA chief to resign, May 14, 2026
- NBC News, FDA announces its first OK of fruit-flavored e-cigarettes for adults in major shift under Trump, May 5, 2026
- NPR, FDA To Banish Flavored E-Cigarettes To Combat Youth Vaping, Sept. 11, 2019
- Cleveland Clinic, Vaping (E-Cigarettes): What It Is, Side Effects & Dangers, accessed May 18, 2026
- Association of Health Care Journalists, CDC finds 'chemical of concern' in vaping-relating illness investigation, May 15, 2026
- The Washington Post, Trump vows to ‘save’ vaping after private meeting with vaping lobbyist, Sept. 21, 2024
- Donald Trump’s Truth Social post, Sept. 20, 2024
- JAMA Network Open, Trends in the Prevalence of Exposure to e-Cigarette Aerosol in Public Places Among US Middle and High School Students, 2015 to 2018 | Public Health, Aug. 28, 2019
- Oxford Academic Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Secondhand E-Cigarette and Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Stages of E-Cigarette Use in US 6th–12th Graders, April 2026
- Chemical Research in Toxicology, Characterizing the Chemical Landscape in Commercial E-Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Oct. 5, 2021
- Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins researchers find thousands of unknown chemicals in electronic cigarettes, Oct. 7, 2021
- The Real Cost, Vapes: product page, accessed May 18, 2026
- University of Rochester Medicine, Vaping and E-Cigarettes, accessed May 18, 2026
- NASA Earth Sciences, Aerosols and Their Importance, accessed May 18, 2026
- Healthline, JUUL Pod Ingredients: What's in E-Cigarettes?, May 27, 2020
- Innokin, What Are the Ingredients in Vape Juice?, Aug. 30, 2024
- Edge Vaping, What's In Your Vape Juice? E-Liquid Ingredients Explained, accessed May 18, 2026
- Department of Justice and Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana/Cannabis, May 18, 2026
- Chemical Research in Toxicology, Chemical Composition of Aerosols from the E-Cigarette Vaping of Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids, Nov. 13, 2024
- American Lung Association, What's in an E-Cigarette?, accessed May 18, 2026
- Biological Research for Nursing, Passive Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposure in Children: A Systematic Review, July 9, 2025
- BMJ, Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality, Dec. 14, 2022
- McGill University Newsroom, Air pollution: The silent killer called PM2.5, March 11, 2021
- Environmental Science & Technology, Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E-Cigarette Vaping, Nov. 8, 2016
- JAMA Network Open Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children, July 11, 2024
- PLOS One, Electronic cigarette power affects count concentration and particle size distribution of vaping aerosol, Dec. 31, 2018
- BMC Public Health, Passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions is associated with worsened mental health, June 7, 2022
- University College London News, Second-hand vaping exposure very low compared to second-hand smoking, July 10, 2024
- RGA, Nicotine and the Cotinine Test: The cost of consumption, May 18, 2026
- PLOS One, Benzene formation in electronic cigarettes, March 8, 2017
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Toxicology of E-Cigarette Constituents, accessed May 19, 2026
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, E-Cigarette Use Among Youth | Smoking and Tobacco Use, accessed May 19, 2026
- The Associated Press, Thousands of unauthorized vapes are pouring into the US despite the FDA crackdown on fruity flavors, June 26, 2023
- Cureus, A Single 10-Minute E-cigarette Vapor Exposure Reduces Tidal Volume and Minute Ventilation in Normoxia and Normobaric Hypoxia in Adult Rats Oct. 9, 2023
- Health Policy via ScienceDirect, Is secondhand smoke associated with mental health issues? A narrative review of the evidence and policy implication, October 2023
- Drug Metabolism Review, Full article: Aldehyde toxicity and metabolism: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in detoxification, drug resistance and carcinogenesis, Nov. 28, 2018
- STAT News, No FDA permission, no problem: New flavored vape policy worries experts, May 11, 2026
- The New York Times, No FDA permission, no problem: New flavored vape policy worries experts, May 8, 2026
- The Brink, E-Cigarette Brands Are Skirting the Rules About Health Warning Labels on Instagram, Study Finds Sept. 13, 2024
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Smoking and Vaping | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, accessed May 19, 2026
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About E-Cigarettes (Vapes) | Smoking and Tobacco Use accessed May 19, 2026
- Oxford Academic Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Unclear Labeling of Nicotine Products Poses Risks to Consumers, May 19, 2026
- MarijuanaPackaging.com, Compliance Checklist for Vape Packaging Across U.S. States, Jan. 21, 2025
- Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research, Requirements for Cannabis Product Labeling by U.S. State, April 19, 2022
- NPR, Flavored vapes are supposed to be illegal, but they're still widely available, July 12, 2023
